Resin Pre-Test

Introduction

The aim of this pretest for the CL-Experiment (CO₂ long-term periodic injection experiment) was to find out how the temperature of two synthetic resins behave over time in a borehole.

Material & Methods

Experimental Setup

For this resin pretest, double-walled cylinders (r₁ = 2.25 cm, r₂ = 2.5 cm, 17 cm high, 325.5 g) made of plastic were used and bedded on sand. The two resins and their coresponding hardener (Sikadur-52 and Biresin CR83 & CH83-10) were mixed at a ambient temperature of 10 °C. The resins poured from a height of 3 m through a plastic tube (diameter 5 mm) once in both annulus and once in the outer annulus into the prepared forms. The temperature was measured with TMP35 sensors (Analog Devices, USA) attached to temperature-resistant silicone cable (wire size 0.25 mm², Helukabel, Switzerland). The data logging was done every 6 seconds with a WioTerminal (Seeed Technology, China). The data logging and processing code was written with Arduino IDE (version 2.1.0). The data analysis was done with R (version 4.2.2) and RStudio (version 2023.03.0+386).

Loading Libraries and Import Data-Set

The data were imported as txt. files. The sensor numbers were then converted to a factor (as.factor(), package “base”) and the time was transformed to a date-time format (dmy_hms(), package “lubridate”). The time since the start of the experiment was also added (difftime(), package “base”).

library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(lubridate)
library(ggpmisc)
library(ggprism)


Sikadur_raw <- read.csv("Experiment1_Sikadur.txt", sep = ";", header = T, col.names = c("Time","Sensor_No","Analog_Read","Voltage_mV","Temperature_degC"))

Sikadur_both_annulus <- Sikadur_raw %>%
  mutate(Sensor_No = as.factor(Sensor_No)) %>%
  mutate(Time = dmy_hms(Time)) %>%
  mutate(Time_since_Start = difftime(time1 = Time, time2 = min(Time), units = "hours")) %>%
  filter(Sensor_No == 1 | Sensor_No == 3)

Sikadur_outer_annulus <- Sikadur_raw %>%
  mutate(Sensor_No = as.factor(Sensor_No)) %>%
  mutate(Time = dmy_hms(Time)) %>%
  filter(Time >= "2023-06-07 15:00:00") %>%
  mutate(Time_since_Start = difftime(time1 = Time, time2 = min(Time), units = "hours")) %>%
  filter(Sensor_No == 2 | Sensor_No == 4)



Biresin_raw <- read.csv("Experiment2_Biresin.txt", sep = ";", header = T, col.names = c("Time","Sensor_No","Analog_Read","Voltage_mV","Temperature_degC"))

Biresin_both_annulus <- Biresin_raw %>%
  mutate(Sensor_No = as.factor(Sensor_No)) %>%
  mutate(Time = dmy_hms(Time)) %>%
  mutate(Time_since_Start = difftime(time1 = Time, time2 = min(Time), units = "hours")) %>%
  filter(Sensor_No == 1 | Sensor_No == 3)

Biresin_outer_annulus <- Biresin_raw %>%
  mutate(Sensor_No = as.factor(Sensor_No)) %>%
  mutate(Time = dmy_hms(Time)) %>%
  filter(Time >= "2023-06-07 15:00:00") %>%
  mutate(Time_since_Start = difftime(time1 = Time, time2 = min(Time), units = "hours")) %>%
  filter(Sensor_No == 2 | Sensor_No == 4)

Results

Sikadur

Both annulus filled:

Sikadur_both_annulus_Plot <- ggplot(data = Sikadur_both_annulus, mapping = aes(x = Time_since_Start, y = Temperature_degC, colour = Sensor_No)) +
  geom_line(linewidth = 1.25) +
  theme_classic() +
  theme(axis.title.y = element_text(margin = margin(r = 15)), 
        axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)), 
        axis.text= element_text(colour="black")) +
  xlab("Time [h]") +
  ylab(expression("Temperature [°C]")) +
  scale_x_continuous(guide = "prism_minor", 
                             limits = c(0, 16),
                             expand = c(0, 0),
                             minor_breaks = seq(0, 16, 2)) +
  scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0,160), breaks = seq(0, 160, 10), expand = c(0,0)) +
  labs(caption = "Jonas M. Windisch, Mont Terri Rock Lab, swisstopo") +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.9, 0.5)) +
  guides(color = guide_legend(title = "Temperatur Sensors")) +
  scale_color_manual(labels = c("No. 1 (outer annulus)", "No. 3 (inner annulus)"),
                     values = c("darkolivegreen3","royalblue1")) +
  ggtitle("Sikadur-52 (both annulus filled)") +
  stat_peaks(span = NULL,
             geom = "text_s",
             mapping = aes(label = paste(after_stat(y.label), after_stat(x.label))),
             x.label.fmt = "after %.0f hrs ",
             y.label.fmt = " Max Temp. of %.0f°C",
             arrow = grid::arrow(length = unit(0.3, "cm")),
             position = position_nudge_keep(x = c(0.5, 0.25),  y = c(5, 10)),
             hjust = 0)
  
Sikadur_both_annulus_Plot

ggsave(filename = "Sikadur_both_annulus.pdf", plot = Sikadur_both_annulus_Plot, width = 25, height = 10, units = "cm", dpi = 1100)

Sikadur_both_annulus_Plot_transparent <- Sikadur_both_annulus_Plot + theme(legend.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
        legend.box.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
        panel.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
        plot.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent",
                                       color = NA))
ggsave(Sikadur_both_annulus_Plot_transparent, filename = "Sikadur_both_annulus_transparent.png", bg = "transparent")

Outer annulus filled:

Sikadur_outer_annulus_Plot <- ggplot(data = Sikadur_outer_annulus, mapping = aes(x = Time_since_Start, y = Temperature_degC, colour = Sensor_No)) +
  geom_line(linewidth = 1.25) +
  theme_classic() +
  theme(axis.title.y = element_text(margin = margin(r = 15)), 
        axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)), 
        axis.text= element_text(colour="black")) +
  xlab("Time [h]") +
  ylab(expression("Temperature [°C]")) +
  scale_x_continuous(guide = "prism_minor", 
                             limits = c(0, 16),
                             expand = c(0, 0),
                             minor_breaks = seq(0, 16, 2)) +
  scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0,160), breaks = seq(0, 160, 10), expand = c(0,0)) +
  labs(caption = "Jonas M. Windisch, Mont Terri Rock Lab, swisstopo") +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.9, 0.5)) +
  guides(color = guide_legend(title = "Temperatur Sensors")) +
  scale_color_manual(labels = c("No. 2 (lower third)", "No. 4 (upper third)"),
                     values = c("darkolivegreen3","royalblue1")) +
  ggtitle("Sikadur-52 (outer annulus filled)") +
  stat_peaks(span = NULL,
             geom = "text_s",
             mapping = aes(label = paste(after_stat(y.label), after_stat(x.label))),
             x.label.fmt = "after %.0f hrs ",
             y.label.fmt = " Max Temp. of %.0f°C",
             arrow = grid::arrow(length = unit(0.3, "cm")),
             position = position_nudge_keep(x = c(0.5, 0.25),  y = c(5, 10)),
             hjust = 0)
  
Sikadur_outer_annulus_Plot

ggsave(filename = "Sikadur_outer_annulus.pdf", plot = Sikadur_outer_annulus_Plot, width = 25, height = 10, units = "cm", dpi = 1100)

Sikadur_outer_annulus_Plot_transparent <- Sikadur_outer_annulus_Plot + theme(legend.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
        legend.box.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
        panel.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
        plot.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent",
                                       color = NA))
ggsave(Sikadur_outer_annulus_Plot_transparent, filename = "Sikadur_outer_annulus_transparent.png", bg = "transparent")

Biresin

Both annulus filled:

Biresin_both_annulus_Plot <- ggplot(data = Biresin_both_annulus, mapping = aes(x = Time_since_Start, y = Temperature_degC, colour = Sensor_No)) +
  geom_line(linewidth = 1.25) +
  theme_classic() +
  theme(axis.title.y = element_text(margin = margin(r = 15)), 
        axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)), 
        axis.text= element_text(colour="black")) +
  xlab("Time [h]") +
  ylab(expression("Temperature [°C]")) +
  scale_x_continuous(guide = "prism_minor", 
                             limits = c(0, 16),
                             expand = c(0, 0),
                             minor_breaks = seq(0, 16, 2)) +
  scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0,160), breaks = seq(0, 160, 10), expand = c(0,0)) +
  labs(caption = "Jonas M. Windisch, Mont Terri Rock Lab, swisstopo") +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.25, 0.5)) +
  guides(color = guide_legend(title = "Temperatur Sensors")) +
  scale_color_manual(labels = c("No. 1 (outer annulus)", "No. 3 (inner annulus)"),
                     values = c("darkolivegreen3","royalblue1")) +
  ggtitle("Biresin CR83 & CH83-10 (both annulus filled)") +
  stat_peaks(span = NULL,
             geom = "text_s",
             mapping = aes(label = paste(after_stat(y.label), after_stat(x.label))),
             x.label.fmt = "after %.0f hrs ",
             y.label.fmt = " Max Temp. of %.0f°C",
             arrow = grid::arrow(length = unit(0.3, "cm")),
             position = position_nudge_keep(x = c(0.5, 0.25),  y = c(5, 10)),
             hjust = 0)
  
Biresin_both_annulus_Plot

ggsave(filename = "Biresin_both_annulus.pdf", plot = Biresin_both_annulus_Plot, width = 25, height = 10, units = "cm", dpi = 1100)

Biresin_both_annulus_Plot_transparent <- Biresin_both_annulus_Plot + theme(legend.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
        legend.box.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
        panel.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
        plot.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent",
                                       color = NA))
ggsave(Biresin_both_annulus_Plot_transparent, filename = "Biresin_both_annulus_transparent.png", bg = "transparent")

Outer annulus filled:

Biresin_outer_annulus_Plot <- ggplot(data = Biresin_outer_annulus, mapping = aes(x = Time_since_Start, y = Temperature_degC, colour = Sensor_No)) +
  geom_line(linewidth = 1.25) +
  theme_classic() +
  theme(axis.title.y = element_text(margin = margin(r = 15)), 
        axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)), 
        axis.text= element_text(colour="black")) +
  xlab("Time [h]") +
  ylab(expression("Temperature [°C]")) +
  scale_x_continuous(guide = "prism_minor", 
                             limits = c(0, 16),
                             expand = c(0, 0),
                             minor_breaks = seq(0, 16, 2)) +
  scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0,160), breaks = seq(0, 160, 10), expand = c(0,0)) +
  labs(caption = "Jonas M. Windisch, Mont Terri Rock Lab, swisstopo") +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.25, 0.5)) +
  guides(color = guide_legend(title = "Temperatur Sensors")) +
  scale_color_manual(labels = c("No. 2 (lower third)", "No. 4 (upper third)"),
                     values = c("darkolivegreen3","royalblue1")) +
  ggtitle("Biresin CR83 & CH83-10 (outer annulus filled)") +
  stat_peaks(span = NULL,
             geom = "text_s",
             mapping = aes(label = paste(after_stat(y.label), after_stat(x.label))),
             x.label.fmt = "after %.0f hrs ",
             y.label.fmt = " Max Temp. of %.0f°C",
             arrow = grid::arrow(length = unit(0.3, "cm")),
             position = position_nudge_keep(x = c(0.5, 0.25),  y = c(5, 10)),
             hjust = 0)
  
Biresin_outer_annulus_Plot

ggsave(filename = "Biresin_outer_annulus.pdf", plot = Biresin_outer_annulus_Plot, width = 25, height = 10, units = "cm", dpi = 1100)

Biresin_outer_annulus_Plot_transparent <- Biresin_outer_annulus_Plot + theme(legend.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
        legend.box.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
        panel.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
        plot.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent",
                                       color = NA))
ggsave(Biresin_outer_annulus_Plot_transparent, filename = "Biresin_outer_annulus_transparent.png", bg = "transparent")